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igf2  (R&D Systems)


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    Structured Review

    R&D Systems igf2
    Igf2, supplied by R&D Systems, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 69 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/recombinant+human+igf/Recombinant+Human+IGF-II%2FIGF2+Protein%2C+CF/us12606639-1424-14-15
    Average 93 stars, based on 69 article reviews
    igf2 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    93/100 stars

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    Recombinant:

    Article Title: Clemastine fumarate accelerates accumulation of disability in progressive multiple sclerosis by enhancing pyroptosis
    Article Snippet: .. The reagents/growth factors used in the study are as follows: adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate, ATP (MilliporeSigma, A6419), biotin (Sigma-Aldrich, 4639), CLM fumarate salt, CLM (Sigma-Aldrich, SML0445), insulin solution, human (Sigma-Aldrich, 19278), JNJ-54175446 (MedChemExpress, HY-117508), LPSs from Escherichia coli O111:B4 (Sigma-Aldrich, L4391), neurotrophin 3 (NT3) (EMD Millipore, GF031), nigericin sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, N7143), recombinant human IGF-I (R&D Systems, 291-G1-200), recombinant human HGF (R&D Systems, 294-HG-025), recombinant human macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) (PeproTech, 300-25), recombinant human PDGF (PDGF-AA) (R&D Systems, 221- AA-050), and 3,3,5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) (Sigma-Aldrich, T2877). ..

    Article Title: Long-lasting structural and functional maturation in transplanted human neurons reprogrammed from glial progenitor cells
    Article Snippet: Weekly passages were performed using EDTA (0.5 mM, Gibco, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). .. Human ESC-derived s were maintained in glial medium (GM) containing DMEM/F12 basal medium, B27 supplement, N1 supplement (Sigma-Aldrich), MEM NEAA, Antibiotic-Antimycotic, T3 (60 ng/ml, Sigma-Aldrich), db-cAMP (1 μM, SigmaAldrich), Biotin (100 ng/ml, Sigma-Aldrich), recombinant human PDGF-AA protein (10 ng/ml, R&D Systems), recombinant human IGF-I (10 ng/ml, R&D Systems) and recombinant human NT-3 Protein (10 ng/ml, R&D Systems). ..

    Article Title: Targeting the IGF-Axis in Cultured Pediatric High-Grade Glioma Cells Inhibits Cell Cycle Progression and Survival.
    Article Snippet: .. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 297 11 of 14 Reagents and Antibodies: Recombinant human IGF-1 was from R&D Systems (Toronto, ON, Canada). .. Rabbit monoclonal anti-IGF-1R (ab182408) and p-IGF-1R (Y-1161; ab39398) antibodies were from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA).

    Article Title: Clemastine fumarate accelerates accumulation of disability in progressive multiple sclerosis by enhancing pyroptosis
    Article Snippet: .. The reagents/growth factors used in the study are as follows: adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate, ATP (MilliporeSigma, A6419), biotin (Sigma-Aldrich, 4639), CLM fumarate salt, CLM (Sigma-Aldrich, SML0445), insulin solution, human (Sigma-Aldrich, 19278), JNJ-54175446 (MedChemExpress, HY-117508), LPSs from Escherichia coli O111:B4 (Sigma-Aldrich, L4391), neurotrophin 3 (NT3) (EMD Millipore, GF031), nigericin sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, N7143), recombinant human IGF-I (R&D Systems, 291-G1-200), recombinant human HGF (R&D Systems, 294-HG-025), recombinant human macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) (PeproTech, 300-25), recombinant human PDGF (PDGF-AA) (R&D Systems, 221-AA-050), and 3,3,5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) (Sigma-Aldrich, T2877). .. THP-1 and THP-1–KO–GSDMD cells were purchased from InvivoGen (thp-null and thp-kogsdmdz, respectively).

    Article Title: Clemastine fumarate accelerates accumulation of disability in progressive multiple sclerosis by enhancing pyroptosis
    Article Snippet: .. The reagents/growth factors used in the study are as follows: adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate, ATP (Millipore Sigma, A6419), biotin (Sigma-Aldrich, 4639), clemastine fumarate salt, CLM (Sigma-Aldrich, SML0445), insulin solution, human (Sigma-Aldrich, 19278), JNJ54175446 (MedChemExpress, HY-117508), lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli O111:B4, LPS (Sigma-Aldrich, L4391), neurotrophin 3 (NT3; EMD Millipore, GF031), nigericin sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, N7143), recombinant human IGF-I (R&D Systems, 291- G1-200), recombinant human HGF (R&D Systems, 294-HG-025), recombinant human macrophage colony stimulating factor, M-CSF (PeproTech, 300-25), recombinant human platelet derived growth factor, PDGF-AA (R&D Systems, 221-AA-050), 3,3,5-Triiodo-l-thyronine, T3 (Sigma-Aldrich, T2877). .. THP-1 and THP1-KO-GSDMD cells were purchased from InvivoGen (#thp-null and #thpkogsdmdz, respectively; CA, USA).

    Article Title: Identification and validation of novel engineered AAV capsid variants targeting human glia
    Article Snippet: .. hESC-derived GPCs were seeded onto poly-L-ornithine (100 μg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich) and laminin (5 μg/mL; Thermo Fisher) coated tissue culture plates (Corning) and kept in glial medium containing DMEM/F12 basal medium, B27 supplement, N1 supplement (Sigma-Aldrich), MEM NEAA, Antibiotic-Antimycotic, T3 (60 ng/mL; Sigma-Aldrich), db-cAMP (1 μM; Sigma-Aldrich), Biotin (100 ng/mL; Sigma-Aldrich), recombinant human PDGF-AA protein (10 ng/mL; R&D Systems), recombinant human IGF-I (10 ng/mL; R&D Systems) and recombinant human NT-3 Protein (10 ng/mL; R&D Systems). .. At 2 weeks post-thawing, hGPCs were mechanically detached from the plates using a cell scraper, dissociated at single cell level with Accutase (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and analyzed by flow cytometry for CD44 and CD140 and by immunocytochemistry for various glial markers.

    Article Title: Targeting the IGF-Axis in Cultured Pediatric High-Grade Glioma Cells Inhibits Cell Cycle Progression and Survival
    Article Snippet: .. Reagents and Antibodies : Recombinant human IGF-1 was from R&D Systems (Toronto, ON, Canada). .. Rabbit monoclonal anti-IGF-1R (ab182408) and p-IGF-1R (Y-1161; ab39398) antibodies were from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA).

    Article Title: Identification and validation of novel engineered AAV capsid variants targeting human glia.
    Article Snippet: .. 4.6 Generation of glial spheroids and in vitro viral transduction hESC-derived GPCs were seeded onto poly-L-ornithine (100 μg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich) and laminin (5 μg/mL; Thermo Fisher) coated tissue culture plates (Corning) and kept in glial medium containing DMEM/ F12 basal medium, B27 supplement, N1 supplement (Sigma-Aldrich), MEM NEAA, Antibiotic-Antimycotic, T3 (60 ng/mL; Sigma-Aldrich), db-cAMP (1 μM; Sigma-Aldrich), Biotin (100 ng/mL; Sigma-Aldrich), recombinant human PDGF-AA protein (10 ng/mL; R&D Systems), recombinant human IGF-I (10 ng/mL; R&D Systems) and recombinant human NT-3 Protein (10 ng/mL; R&D Systems). .. At 2 weeks postthawing, hGPCs were mechanically detached from the plates using a cell scraper, dissociated at single cell level with Accutase (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and analyzed by flow cytometry for CD44 and CD140 and by immunocytochemistry for various glial markers.

    Derivative Assay:

    Article Title: Clemastine fumarate accelerates accumulation of disability in progressive multiple sclerosis by enhancing pyroptosis
    Article Snippet: .. The reagents/growth factors used in the study are as follows: adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate, ATP (Millipore Sigma, A6419), biotin (Sigma-Aldrich, 4639), clemastine fumarate salt, CLM (Sigma-Aldrich, SML0445), insulin solution, human (Sigma-Aldrich, 19278), JNJ54175446 (MedChemExpress, HY-117508), lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli O111:B4, LPS (Sigma-Aldrich, L4391), neurotrophin 3 (NT3; EMD Millipore, GF031), nigericin sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, N7143), recombinant human IGF-I (R&D Systems, 291- G1-200), recombinant human HGF (R&D Systems, 294-HG-025), recombinant human macrophage colony stimulating factor, M-CSF (PeproTech, 300-25), recombinant human platelet derived growth factor, PDGF-AA (R&D Systems, 221-AA-050), 3,3,5-Triiodo-l-thyronine, T3 (Sigma-Aldrich, T2877). .. THP-1 and THP1-KO-GSDMD cells were purchased from InvivoGen (#thp-null and #thpkogsdmdz, respectively; CA, USA).

    In Vitro:

    Article Title: Identification and validation of novel engineered AAV capsid variants targeting human glia.
    Article Snippet: .. 4.6 Generation of glial spheroids and in vitro viral transduction hESC-derived GPCs were seeded onto poly-L-ornithine (100 μg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich) and laminin (5 μg/mL; Thermo Fisher) coated tissue culture plates (Corning) and kept in glial medium containing DMEM/ F12 basal medium, B27 supplement, N1 supplement (Sigma-Aldrich), MEM NEAA, Antibiotic-Antimycotic, T3 (60 ng/mL; Sigma-Aldrich), db-cAMP (1 μM; Sigma-Aldrich), Biotin (100 ng/mL; Sigma-Aldrich), recombinant human PDGF-AA protein (10 ng/mL; R&D Systems), recombinant human IGF-I (10 ng/mL; R&D Systems) and recombinant human NT-3 Protein (10 ng/mL; R&D Systems). .. At 2 weeks postthawing, hGPCs were mechanically detached from the plates using a cell scraper, dissociated at single cell level with Accutase (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and analyzed by flow cytometry for CD44 and CD140 and by immunocytochemistry for various glial markers.

    Transduction:

    Article Title: Identification and validation of novel engineered AAV capsid variants targeting human glia.
    Article Snippet: .. 4.6 Generation of glial spheroids and in vitro viral transduction hESC-derived GPCs were seeded onto poly-L-ornithine (100 μg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich) and laminin (5 μg/mL; Thermo Fisher) coated tissue culture plates (Corning) and kept in glial medium containing DMEM/ F12 basal medium, B27 supplement, N1 supplement (Sigma-Aldrich), MEM NEAA, Antibiotic-Antimycotic, T3 (60 ng/mL; Sigma-Aldrich), db-cAMP (1 μM; Sigma-Aldrich), Biotin (100 ng/mL; Sigma-Aldrich), recombinant human PDGF-AA protein (10 ng/mL; R&D Systems), recombinant human IGF-I (10 ng/mL; R&D Systems) and recombinant human NT-3 Protein (10 ng/mL; R&D Systems). .. At 2 weeks postthawing, hGPCs were mechanically detached from the plates using a cell scraper, dissociated at single cell level with Accutase (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and analyzed by flow cytometry for CD44 and CD140 and by immunocytochemistry for various glial markers.



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    PTN regulates endometrial stromal cell decidualization through <t>the</t> <t>IGF-2</t> signaling axis. (A) PPI network of PTN, IGF-2, IGFBP1, LIF, PRL, and other decidualization-related genes. (B) The expression levels of PTN and its interacting partners (IGF-2, WNT4, PRL, IGFBP1, and LIF) in the RIF (left) and RPL (right) datasets. (C) Expressions of decidualization-related genes (including IGFBP1 , LIF , PRL , and WNT4 ) in NC or si PTN hESCs after treatment with control vehicle, cAMP, and IGF-2 via RT-qPCR (n = 9). (D) Immunoblotting for PTN, IGFBP1, and PRL expression levels with control vehicle, cAMP, and IGF-2. (E) ELISA for IGF-2 levels with control vehicle, cAMP, and IGF-2. (F) Schematic diagram of the experiments performed using the different treatments of hESCs. Data are presented as mean ± SEM and analyzed using t-test or one-way ANOVA test. * compared with NC treated with control vehicle, # compared with si PTN treated with control vehicle, $ compared with si PTN treated with control cAMP (NS, no significant difference; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ####p < 0.0001, $p < 0.05, $$p < 0.01, $$$p < 0.001, $$$$p< 0.0001). PPI, protein–protein interaction; RIF, recurrent implantation failure; RPL, recurrent pregnancy loss; hESCs, human endometrial stromal cells; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
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    Image Search Results


    PTN regulates endometrial stromal cell decidualization through the IGF-2 signaling axis. (A) PPI network of PTN, IGF-2, IGFBP1, LIF, PRL, and other decidualization-related genes. (B) The expression levels of PTN and its interacting partners (IGF-2, WNT4, PRL, IGFBP1, and LIF) in the RIF (left) and RPL (right) datasets. (C) Expressions of decidualization-related genes (including IGFBP1 , LIF , PRL , and WNT4 ) in NC or si PTN hESCs after treatment with control vehicle, cAMP, and IGF-2 via RT-qPCR (n = 9). (D) Immunoblotting for PTN, IGFBP1, and PRL expression levels with control vehicle, cAMP, and IGF-2. (E) ELISA for IGF-2 levels with control vehicle, cAMP, and IGF-2. (F) Schematic diagram of the experiments performed using the different treatments of hESCs. Data are presented as mean ± SEM and analyzed using t-test or one-way ANOVA test. * compared with NC treated with control vehicle, # compared with si PTN treated with control vehicle, $ compared with si PTN treated with control cAMP (NS, no significant difference; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ####p < 0.0001, $p < 0.05, $$p < 0.01, $$$p < 0.001, $$$$p< 0.0001). PPI, protein–protein interaction; RIF, recurrent implantation failure; RPL, recurrent pregnancy loss; hESCs, human endometrial stromal cells; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

    Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

    Article Title: PTN/IGF-2 signaling modulates endometrial decidualization and immune cell trafficking to facilitate pregnancy maintenance

    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1790942

    Figure Lengend Snippet: PTN regulates endometrial stromal cell decidualization through the IGF-2 signaling axis. (A) PPI network of PTN, IGF-2, IGFBP1, LIF, PRL, and other decidualization-related genes. (B) The expression levels of PTN and its interacting partners (IGF-2, WNT4, PRL, IGFBP1, and LIF) in the RIF (left) and RPL (right) datasets. (C) Expressions of decidualization-related genes (including IGFBP1 , LIF , PRL , and WNT4 ) in NC or si PTN hESCs after treatment with control vehicle, cAMP, and IGF-2 via RT-qPCR (n = 9). (D) Immunoblotting for PTN, IGFBP1, and PRL expression levels with control vehicle, cAMP, and IGF-2. (E) ELISA for IGF-2 levels with control vehicle, cAMP, and IGF-2. (F) Schematic diagram of the experiments performed using the different treatments of hESCs. Data are presented as mean ± SEM and analyzed using t-test or one-way ANOVA test. * compared with NC treated with control vehicle, # compared with si PTN treated with control vehicle, $ compared with si PTN treated with control cAMP (NS, no significant difference; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ####p < 0.0001, $p < 0.05, $$p < 0.01, $$$p < 0.001, $$$$p< 0.0001). PPI, protein–protein interaction; RIF, recurrent implantation failure; RPL, recurrent pregnancy loss; hESCs, human endometrial stromal cells; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

    Article Snippet: The remaining cells were digested with trypsin and inoculated into a new culture dish, and they were treated with control vehicle or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 292-G2) for 48 h and then collected for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

    Techniques: Expressing, Control, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

    IGF-2 promotes decidualization and rescues decidualization defects caused by PTN deficiency. (A) Schematic diagram of the experiments performed using the different treatments of ESCs isolated from endometrium of RIF and RPL patients. (B, C) RT-qPCR analysis of levels of decidualization-related genes in ESCs isolated from endometrium of RIF (B) and RPL (C) patients after IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) treatment for 48 h (n = 9). (D) The flowchart depicts the steps involved in establishing a mouse model of intrauterine perfusion with siRNA-mediated knockdown of PTN and then supplemented with IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) through tail vein injection. (E) Expression of PTN after Ptn knockdown and supplemented with control vehicle or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) in the mouse endometrium, measured by immunofluorescence, and quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence was performed (n = 6). (F) RT-qPCR analysis of levels of decidualization-related genes after Ptn knockdown and supplemented with control vehicle or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) in the mouse endometrium (n = 6). Data are presented as mean ± SEM and analyzed using t-test or one-way ANOVA test. * compared with NC treated with control vehicle, # compared with si PTN treated with control vehicle (NS, no significant difference; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p< 0.0001, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001). ESCs, endometrial stromal cells; PPI, protein–protein interaction; RIF, recurrent implantation failure.

    Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

    Article Title: PTN/IGF-2 signaling modulates endometrial decidualization and immune cell trafficking to facilitate pregnancy maintenance

    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1790942

    Figure Lengend Snippet: IGF-2 promotes decidualization and rescues decidualization defects caused by PTN deficiency. (A) Schematic diagram of the experiments performed using the different treatments of ESCs isolated from endometrium of RIF and RPL patients. (B, C) RT-qPCR analysis of levels of decidualization-related genes in ESCs isolated from endometrium of RIF (B) and RPL (C) patients after IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) treatment for 48 h (n = 9). (D) The flowchart depicts the steps involved in establishing a mouse model of intrauterine perfusion with siRNA-mediated knockdown of PTN and then supplemented with IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) through tail vein injection. (E) Expression of PTN after Ptn knockdown and supplemented with control vehicle or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) in the mouse endometrium, measured by immunofluorescence, and quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence was performed (n = 6). (F) RT-qPCR analysis of levels of decidualization-related genes after Ptn knockdown and supplemented with control vehicle or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) in the mouse endometrium (n = 6). Data are presented as mean ± SEM and analyzed using t-test or one-way ANOVA test. * compared with NC treated with control vehicle, # compared with si PTN treated with control vehicle (NS, no significant difference; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p< 0.0001, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001). ESCs, endometrial stromal cells; PPI, protein–protein interaction; RIF, recurrent implantation failure.

    Article Snippet: The remaining cells were digested with trypsin and inoculated into a new culture dish, and they were treated with control vehicle or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 292-G2) for 48 h and then collected for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

    Techniques: Isolation, Quantitative RT-PCR, Knockdown, Injection, Expressing, Control, Immunofluorescence

    PTN deficiency induces endometrial immune imbalance and leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes, which can be partially reversed by IGF-2. (A) PPI network of PTN, IGF-2, CXCR4, CD4, CD8, CD56, and other immunoregulators. (B, C) Flow cytometry analysis (B) and statistical quantification (C) of cell populations of NK cells and T cells, and the expression levels of CD16, CXCR4, and GZMB in NK cell form the endometrial tissues of NC and si PTN mice treated with control vehicle or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) (n = 6). (D) The flowchart depicts the steps involved in establishing a mouse model of intrauterine perfusion with siRNA-mediated knockdown of Ptn and then supplemented with IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) through tail vein injection for 2 days; then, these female mice were mated with fertile male mice; analysis of fertility, including pregnancy rate, IF, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). were performed at gestational day 13.5. (E) Representative images of uteri from pregnant mice in the NC and si PTN mice treated with control vehicle or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) at gestational day 13.5 (n = 6) (arrow shows the absorption site). (F) Pregnancy rate (%) in NC and si PTN mice treated with control vehicle or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) (n = 15). (G) Quantification of embryo numbers (left) and absorption rate (right) per mouse in NC (n = 13) and si PTN mice treated with control vehicle (n = 6) or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) (n = 11) at gestational day 13.5. Data are presented as mean ± SEM and analyzed using one-way ANOVA test or χ 2 test. * Compared with NC treated with control vehicle, # compared with si PTN treated with control vehicle (NS, no significant difference; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001). IF, immunofluorescence.

    Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

    Article Title: PTN/IGF-2 signaling modulates endometrial decidualization and immune cell trafficking to facilitate pregnancy maintenance

    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1790942

    Figure Lengend Snippet: PTN deficiency induces endometrial immune imbalance and leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes, which can be partially reversed by IGF-2. (A) PPI network of PTN, IGF-2, CXCR4, CD4, CD8, CD56, and other immunoregulators. (B, C) Flow cytometry analysis (B) and statistical quantification (C) of cell populations of NK cells and T cells, and the expression levels of CD16, CXCR4, and GZMB in NK cell form the endometrial tissues of NC and si PTN mice treated with control vehicle or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) (n = 6). (D) The flowchart depicts the steps involved in establishing a mouse model of intrauterine perfusion with siRNA-mediated knockdown of Ptn and then supplemented with IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) through tail vein injection for 2 days; then, these female mice were mated with fertile male mice; analysis of fertility, including pregnancy rate, IF, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). were performed at gestational day 13.5. (E) Representative images of uteri from pregnant mice in the NC and si PTN mice treated with control vehicle or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) at gestational day 13.5 (n = 6) (arrow shows the absorption site). (F) Pregnancy rate (%) in NC and si PTN mice treated with control vehicle or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) (n = 15). (G) Quantification of embryo numbers (left) and absorption rate (right) per mouse in NC (n = 13) and si PTN mice treated with control vehicle (n = 6) or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL) (n = 11) at gestational day 13.5. Data are presented as mean ± SEM and analyzed using one-way ANOVA test or χ 2 test. * Compared with NC treated with control vehicle, # compared with si PTN treated with control vehicle (NS, no significant difference; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001). IF, immunofluorescence.

    Article Snippet: The remaining cells were digested with trypsin and inoculated into a new culture dish, and they were treated with control vehicle or IGF-2 (50 ng/mL, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 292-G2) for 48 h and then collected for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

    Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Control, Knockdown, Injection, Fluorescence, FACS, Immunofluorescence